Cognitive control in depression : toward clinical models informed by cognitive neuroscience

Cognitive control dysfunctions are thought to contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression. However, the causes and nature of these dysfunctions remain unknown. Here, we critically review contemporary research on cognitive control in depression. We identify three main conceptual issues in this field: (a) uncritical use of the tripartite model, (b) reliance on descriptive explanations, and (c) lack of integration with emotional and motivational impairments. Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience offer possibilities to resolve these issues. We review this progress focusing on the ability to detect the need for control, the role of motivation, and the flexibility-stability balance. We propose that depression-related dysfunctions arise from issues in detecting when, how, and for how long to engage in goal-oriented processing. In conclusion, we argue that integrating advances in cognitive neuroscience into clinical research can help to move from a descriptive toward a more mechanistic understanding of cognitive dysfunctions in depression

Isolation of Yttrium and Strontium from Soil Samples and Rapid Determination of 90Sr

A procedure of yttrium and strontium separation from calcium and other cations has been developed for rapid determination of 90Sr in soil samples. The procedure involves yttrium, strontium and other cations bound on cation exchanger AMBERLITE IR-120, separtion of yttrium and strontium from other cations, e.g. potassium, calcium, sodium, barium, on anion exchangers AMBERLITE CG-400 or DOWEX AG 1 × 8 with 0.25 mol l-1 HNO3 in alcohol mixture as eluent, separation of yttrium from strontium on cation exchanger DOWEX 50 × 8 with 3 mol l-1 HNO3, and determination of 90Sr on the low-level gas-flow β-counter and by Cherenkow counting on the liquid-scintillation counter. It has been shown that this procedure might be successfully applied in rapid determination of 90Sr, in a timesaving manner and without application of strong, concentrated acids. The method is appropriate for determination of the water soluble fraction of 90Sr in different kinds of environmental samples (milk, water, wine, vegetables, etc.) with some modification of the sample preparation procedure

Temperamental factors in remitted depression: The role of effortful control and attentional mechanisms

Temperamental effortful control and attentional networks are increasingly viewed as important underlying processes in depression and anxiety. However, it is still unknown whether these factors facilitate depressive and anxiety symptoms in the general population and, more specifically, in remitted depressed individuals. We investigated to what extent effortful control and attentional networks (i.e., Attention Network Task) explain concurrent depressive and anxious symptoms in healthy individuals (n\u202f=\u202f270) and remitted depressed individuals (n\u202f=\u202f90). Both samples were highly representative of the US population. Increased effortful control predicted a substantial decrease in symptoms of both depression and anxiety in the whole sample, whereas decreased efficiency of executive attention predicted a modest increase in depressive symptoms. Remitted depressed individuals did not show less effortful control nor less efficient attentional networks than healthy individuals. Moreover, clinical status did not moderate the relationship between temperamental factors and either depressive or anxiety symptoms. Limitations include the cross-sectional nature of the study. Our study shows that temperamental effortful control represents an important transdiagnostic process for depressive and anxiety symptoms in adults

Dynamic interplay between reward and voluntary attention determines stimulus processing in visual cortex

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Special Research Fund (BOF) of Ghent University [grant 617 #01D02415 awarded to IG; grant # BOF14/PDO/123 awarded to AS], the Concerted Research Action Grant of Ghent University [grant number BOF16/GOA/017 awarded to EHWK], and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/P002404/1 awarded to SKA]. The funding sources were not involved in the study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing of the report; and decision to submit the article for publication. We would like to thank Prof. Gilles Pourtois for his help with conceiving the study and for the very useful discussions of the results. Further, we thank Gilles for all of the materials he provided for this study. We would also like to thank Dr. Ladislas Nalborczyk for discussions about statistical analyses of the data, Prof. Ruth Krebs for her comments on a previous version of the manuscript, and Dr. Inez Greven for help with data collectionPeer reviewedPostprin

Motivation and cognitive control in depression

Depression is linked to deficits in cognitive control and a host of other cognitive impairments arise as a consequence of these deficits. Despite of their important role in depression, there are no mechanistic models of cognitive control deficits in depression. In this paper we propose how these deficits can emerge from the interaction between motivational and cognitive processes. We review depression-related impairments in key components of motivation along with new cognitive neuroscience models that focus on the role of motivation in the decision-making about cognitive control allocation. Based on this review we propose a unifying framework which connects motivational and cognitive control deficits in depression. This framework is rooted in computational models of cognitive control and offers a mechanistic understanding of cognitive control deficits in depression

Isolation of Yttrium and Strontium from Soil Samples and Rapid Determination of 90Sr

A procedure of yttrium and strontium separation from calcium and other cations has been developed for rapid determination of 90Sr in soil samples. The procedure involves yttrium, strontium and other cations bound on cation exchanger AMBERLITE IR-120, separtion of yttrium and strontium from other cations, e.g. potassium, calcium, sodium, barium, on anion exchangers AMBERLITE CG-400 or DOWEX AG 1 × 8 with 0.25 mol l-1 HNO3 in alcohol mixture as eluent, separation of yttrium from strontium on cation exchanger DOWEX 50 × 8 with 3 mol l-1 HNO3, and determination of 90Sr on the low-level gas-flow β-counter and by Cherenkow counting on the liquid-scintillation counter. It has been shown that this procedure might be successfully applied in rapid determination of 90Sr, in a timesaving manner and without application of strong, concentrated acids. The method is appropriate for determination of the water soluble fraction of 90Sr in different kinds of environmental samples (milk, water, wine, vegetables, etc.) with some modification of the sample preparation procedure

Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings

We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance (p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely highpowered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relatively high and low WEIRDness scores, respectively). Cumulatively, variability in the observed effect sizes was attributable more to the effect being studied than to the sample or setting in which it was studied.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIP